Within this part I also try to argue that the concept of reason used by Kant in his philosophy of history is opaque, and this opaqueness will bring some difficulties to the position of the absolute pacifism.

• 并将尝试综合检讨康德历史哲学思考中带有含混性的理性概念，此一讨论亦与绝对和平主义与和平原则的争议有关。