While anesthesiologists have found an association with the use of intravenous catheters or other needles (including epidural needles) (3-5), common associations include the sight of blood, the loss of blood, and sudden stressful or painful experiences.

• 麻醉学家发现静脉导管或其他穿刺针（包括硬膜外穿刺针）的使用与之有一定关系[3-5]，通常的相关包括看到血液、失血和突然的应激或疼痛刺激。