We may track heritable changes across genotypes and morphology (physical form), as well as across life history traits such as virulence, transmissibility, host specificity and reproductive rate.

• 我们可以在基因型与形态（体型）之间，以及在各个阶段的生命史特徵，像是毒性、传染力、宿主专一性与生殖率等之间，追踪遗传变化；