To understand the mechanisms of urine formation through the influence of Normal saline, noradrenalin, glucose solution, vagus nerve stimulating and furosemide on urine volume.

• 通过生理盐水、去甲肾上腺素、葡萄糖、刺激迷走神经、利尿药等对尿液生成量的影响，理解其机制。