This concept gives federal courts a potent tool with which to oversee the decisionmaking procedures of federal agencies when the applicable statutes and regulations permit the administrator to act informally.

• 这一概念给予联邦法院有力的工具，在可适用的法规和条例允许行政官员非正式地采取行动时，能够藉此监督联邦机构的决策程序。