These studies focus on the cichlid fish of the African Great Lakes, Alaskan sticklebacks, and the Eleutherodactylus frogs of Central and South America and the Caribbean, among others.

• 非洲大裂谷大湖中的慈鲷鱼、阿拉斯加的棘鱼、中南美洲与加勒比地区无蹼的卵齿蟾（Eleutherodactylus），都是有名的例子。