These adaptations provide minimum surface area in relation to Body mass for minimum heat loss and protect the lungs and Base of the Brain against cold air in the nasal passages.

• 这可使身躯以最小面积散发最低热量,四肢热量散发最少(能耐寒操作而防冻疮),防止冷空气自鼻腔进入肺部及颅底。