There are two approaches in the pension reforms of Central and Eastern European Countries,the parametric reform represented by Czech Republic, and the paradigmatic reform, of which Hungary and Poland are typical.

• 中东欧转型国家的养老保险改革有两种进路,一种是以捷克为代表的参数调整型改革,另一种是以匈牙利和波兰为代表的范式转换型改革。