The theory of pre-dips is analysis through electrochemistry and SEM, at the same time, the temperature and time effect on pre-dip was studied.

• 通过电化学手段和SEM分析了磷化前的钛系表面调整技术的原理及作用，探讨了表面调整时间、表面调整温度对表面调整效果的影响。