The principal symptoms of PTSD are hypervigilance, an exaggerated startle response, flash backs, nightmares, poor concentration, impaired memory, sleep disturbance and joint pains.

• PTSD（创伤后压力紊乱）主要症状是过度警惕（或：警觉）--夸张、惊恐反应、急速记忆闪现、噩梦、注意力差、记忆力减退、睡眠干扰、关节疼痛。