The main results are as follows: (1) Since 1949 three SESs have experienced a complete adaptive cycle and are all in the exploitation phase of the second adaptive cycle.

• 在第一次适应性循环周期中,县级尺度上的系统在崩溃释放后快速进入到更新重组阶段,而两个村级尺度上的系统却停滞在崩溃释放与更新重组之间的贫穷困境阶段。