The disorder of calcium ion and the accumulation of unfolded protein can lead to ER stress and thus induce a protective response-unfolded protein response (UPR).

• 内质网中钙离子紊乱和未折叠蛋白质蓄积可引发内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),发生具有保护作用的未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)。