The construct has been extended beyond the realm of mental illness by Robert Raskin of the Tulsa Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Oklahoma and several of his colleagues, who have constructed a scale for measuring narcissistic tendencies.

• 这个概念已经由拉斯金扩张应用到心理病理学以外的领域，在美国奥克拉荷马州杜尔沙行为科学研究所，他的团队建构了一个量表，用来测量人的自恋程度。