The Irish Poor Law of 1838,the enclosure movement of land, and finally crops and brought incalculable misery and starvation to millions ,combined to increase emigration.

• 1838年的贫困法；圈地运动；还有最后；19世纪40年代末；因害虫毁灭了土豆使数百万人承受无法计算的痛苦与饥饿的大饥荒；(所有这些)结合在一起增加了移民.