Overseen by hungry gods on the one hand or structured by impersonal cyclic forces on the other, the Eastern Han cosmos eluded a single consistent model accepted by everyone.

• 东汉思想一方面认为宇宙受控于贪求不厌的神只，另一方面认为宇宙由循环不断的物质力量组成，欠缺一种公认的统一模式。