Others have measured rates at a few further specific genes or compared DNA from humans and chimpanzees to produce general estimates of the mutation rate expressed more directly in nucleotides of DNA.

• 随后，有人在一些特定基因上测量了突变效率，或者比对了人和大猩猩的DNA序列差异，从而在总体上估测出DNA核苷酸更直接的突变速率。