On the basis of the retrospective exploring of the formation and development of modern petrology, this paper discusses some dialectical problems on the study of modern petrology systematically, the contents include scientific methodology and epistemology.

• 本文在回顾现代岩石学形成与发展的基础上，系统地探讨了现代岩石学研究中的若干辩证问题，内容涉及科学认识论和方法论两大主题。