Objective: To study the mechanism of morphine dependence and abstinence on gene level combined with the observation of abstinence syndrome, and the effect of buprenorphine(Bup) on morphine withdrawal.

• 目的··:结合戒断体征的观察从分子水平研究吗啡依赖和戒断机理及丁丙诺啡对吗啡戒断的影响。