New immunosensors based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and surface plasma resonance (SPR), are described in detail.

• 其次对该领域的研究现状进行了分析，重点从信号放大技术、多组分检测、传感器的再生以及自动化和小型化等方面进行评述。