Molds are aerobes, and are controlled by the absence of oxygen, Bacterial populations which will dominate a substrate may be manipulated by their oxygen requirements and its availability.

• 尽管直到一个世纪前才认定微生物是食物腐败的重要因素，而酿造葡萄酒、烘烤面包、制作奶酪和腌制食品则已进行了4000年。