Modular exponentiation of large operands is the kernel operation in many public-key cryptosystems, RSA algorithm for instance.Montgomery algorithm is often used as a solution.

• 摘要速度与面积是数字集成电路设计的两个重要目标，由于它们之间通常是一相互制约的关系，所以往往要在一定度上进行折中。