Late Eastern Han mountain inscriptions may ritually appease sacrifice-eating gods with their hymns of praise, but they simultaneously describe the cosmos as a single pervasive system of qi-vapors, yinyang, and the five phases.

• 东汉晚期的祭山铭文以颂赞在仪式上取悦索求食祭的神只，也同时描述一个由气，阴阳，和五行所涵盖而成的宇宙体系。