Iron & manganese ions and their oxides act as electron donors and acceptors to supply energy for microbes, and prompt the metal recycle of the earth crust.

• 铁、锰离子或铁、锰氧化物可作为电子供体或受体被微生物催化氧化或还原,这种微生物催化作用是自然界金属循环、矿物形成与迁移的重要推动力。