In western countries the studies on language anxiety began in 1970s, with Scovel, Maclntyre, Gardner, Lambert, Howitz, and Young being the representatives.

• 国外的研究者对于焦虑与二语习得的研究始于二十世纪七十年代，其中的代表人物为Scovel,MacIntyre,Gardner,Lambert,Horwitz,Young等。