In the past, communications between software systems, especially those between two or more different organizations, has often been cobbled together with a variety of ad-hoc methods and proprietary protocols.

• 过去,软件系统之间的通信,尤其是两个或两个以上不同体系结构之间的通信,通常是由各种特殊方法和专利协议随便地拼凑在一起。