In addition, conventional surface analytical tools, i.e., LEED and AES, are also equipped to provide surface information of long-range order and elemental identity.

• 传统的表面分析设备如低能电子绕射仪(LEED)及欧杰电子能谱仪(AES)，则用来决定晶体表面的长程结构和元素成份。