I observed the visiting bouts of yuhinas by the nests and filmed their provisioning behaviors with micro cameras to record if the occurrence of atypical feeding was affected by onlookers.

• 反之，若旁观者不影响其反常喂食行为，或惩戒并无针对反常喂食者发生，则应为衡量当时自身或子代状况而做出之决策，并非刻意欺骗或隐瞒同伴。