For rule-based systems, language experts and linguists in specific languages have to painstakingly craft large lexicons and rules related to grammar, syntax and semantics to generate text in a target language.

• 这些以规则为基础的系统，使得特定语言的专家与语言学家必须煞费苦心地编纂大部头词汇库，以及文法、法、义的相关规则，以便翻译成目标语言。