Ernst Cassirer criticized consistently and deeply the three kinds of universal determinism which included physical one, psychologic one and metaphysical one in the history of western philosophy.

• 摘要卡西尔持久而深刻地批判了西方哲学史上普遍决定论的三种主要形式，即物理学决定论、心理学决定论和形而上学决定论。