Despite the improvements in medical and surgical therapy,prosthetic valve endocarditis(PVE)is still associated with a difficult diagnosis,a severe prognosis,and remains a clinical challenge.

• 尽管人工瓣膜心内膜炎的治疗手段不断进步,但往往因为诊断较晚、预后较差,成为临床上的一大难题。