Data confidence, integrity, nonrepudiation, identity and access control are the five key factors to protect online bank, stock, tax from attacks.

• 数据机密性、完整性、防抵赖、身份识别、访问控制五个关键安全问题是保证网上银行、网上证券、网上报税等典型的网上交易系统安全运行的基础。