Catecholamine levels in the adrenal medulla can be directly measured at post-mortem, if the animal is killed immediately after a stressful stimulus.

• 如果動物是在緊迫的刺激後立刻死亡(譯註：例如屠宰過程不人道)，則屍體解剖後可以在腎上腺髓質部直接測到鄰苯二酚胺。