Canonand Islanmic law,on the contrary,were dominated by dualism of religion and state,where the state was not,incontrast with Judaism,an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.

• 相反，天主教法和伊斯兰教法为其宗教与国家二元论所支配，因而同犹太教形成对照。在此，国家并不是一种异己的力量，而是同一宗教的政治表现形式。