By the time of the 14th century, there was across Europe a general upsurge of national languages, the feudalistic economy of England developed, English rapidly rose in importance, and a written English literature emerged.

• 到14世纪，全欧洲民族语言兴起，英国封建主义经济发展，英语地位也大大提高，终于出现了书面的英语文学。