Based on his naturalized attitude, John Ziman argues that academic science is becoming different or has been different and post-academic science is coming, which has six features.

• 他从自然主义立场出发,指出“学院科学”正在或已经向“后学院科学”转型,出现了集体化、效用化、政策导向化、产业化、官僚化和稳态化这六个特点。