At the end of 19th, the traditional ontological status of reason is displaced by non-rational life advanced by two German philosophers: Anthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche.

• 19世纪与20世纪之交，德国哲学家叔本华、尼采以非理性的生命取代了传统理性的本体地位，哲学的主题由此发生了重大转折。