As we know, due to strong electron-lattice coupling, the elementary excitations are those including both charge and lattice distortion, such as soliton, polaron and bipolaron.

• 我们知道，在高聚物中由于强的电子-晶格耦合，聚合物中的元激发是那些既包含电荷，又有晶格畸变的激发，如孤子，极化子，双极化子。