As a result, the structure of banking was seriously weakened, and in 1814 a run on banks11 forced most to renege on their legal obligations to exchange notes for specie.

• 结果，银行业的结构严重削弱，而1814年的银行挤兑迫使大多数银行背弃自己的法定义务，拒绝将银行券兑换成金银。