Amorphous carbon and carbon nano-onions are synthesized by carbon ion implantation into copper substrate heated at given temperatures, which is the result of electron beam irradiation.

• 铜基体上离子注入碳，并经过适当的热处理后，会在其表面析出无定形碳和碳纳米洋葱，这是由电子束的照射作用引发的。