Although many toxic tort plaintiffs have brought actions under products liability theories holding manufacturers strictly liable for defective products, the liability standard is less clear in cases not involving manufacturers.

• 尽管许多有毒废物侵权行为的原告们一直提出诉讼，根据产品责任理论，产品制造者必须为有缺陷产品负有重大责任，但是在不涉及产品制造者的情况下，责任标准就不清楚。