After the reaction of the partial carboxyl anions with ETC molecules, PANa chains become zwitterionic, i.e. each of PANa chains carry both carboxylic anions and ammonium cations.

• 当部分PANa分子链和ETC分子作用之后，PANa分子就成为两性离子的分子，也就是说，PANa分子上同时带有羧酸负离子和铵正离子。