Abrasion Marks: Scratches on film caused by dirt, improper handling, grit, emulsion pile-ups, and certain types of film damage (e.g., torn perforations).

• 刮痕：由污物、不正确的处理、砂砾、乳剂堆积和特定类型的胶片损伤导致的胶片刮伤（例如：齿孔磨损）。