, optimal access charge is greater than the ECPR.. This result is similar to the result in Armstrong, Doyle and Vickers (1996).

• 而在加入固定成本的模型中：(1)追随厂商非价格接受者时，最适接续费等于ECPR加上领导厂商为了压倒追随厂商市场力之补贴；